-line- Very Revealing!!
Date: Thu, 7 Jun 2001 09:22:49 -0700




-----Original Message-----
From: Trimtantre@aol.com <Trimtantre@aol.com>
To: Trimtantre@aol.com <Trimtantre@aol.com>
Date: Wednesday, June 06, 2001 10:29 PM
Subject: Italian American History Timeline- Very Revealing!!


THANK YOU very much for compiling such a great review of Italian-American
history. I've lots of respect and gratitude for Prof. Stanislao Pugliese.

Tony G.
===================================================
To: RAA Network -Richard Annotico

This Timeline was compiled by:
Stanislao G. Pugliese
Associate Professor of History
Hofstra University

The following information is taken from
The Italian American Heritage
A Companion to Literature and the Arts
edited by Pellegrino D'Acierno
New York; Garland, 1999;
used with permission.

The author and publisher are willing and eager to add to it;
so any such information should be sent to:
<< Stanislao.Pugliese@Hofstra.edu>>

The Italian American Experience, 1492-1998

1492:   On 12 October Cristoforo Colombo of Genoa, sailing under the
patronage of
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, lands in the Western Hemisphere. He makes
three
more voyages, in 1493, 1498, and 1502.
1497:   John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) sails for King Henry VII of England and
reaches North America. Amerigo Vespucci, in the employ of the de'Medici
family,
is sent to Spain to assist in Colombo's third voyage. Vespucci himself
undertakes four expeditions to the New World, two for Spain (1497 and 1499)
and
two for Portugal (1501 and 1503). On the basis of his observations and data,
a
German cartographer proposes naming the new land after Amerigo. During the
Age
of Exploration, Italians explore every part of the New World. These include:
Giovanni Verrazzano (1524), humanist from Florence; Antonio Pigafetta, who
sails
with Magellan (1519); Marco Da Nizza in the southwest territories (1539);
Francesco Bressani, first European to describe Niagara Falls (1644); Henri
de
Tonti, explorer of the Mississippi River (1682); and Alessandro Malaspina,
scientific explorer of the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Mexico (1791).
1610:   Italian wine makers come to America with Captain John Smith.
1621:   A group of artisans (glassmakers) from Venice settles in Jamestown,
Virginia.
1639:   Historical archives in Kings County, New York, describe Peter Caesar
Alberto as "the Italian," the first Italian to live in Brooklyn. 1657:  The
first large group of Italians -- 150 Italian Protestants
(Waldensians) -- land in New Amsterdam (later to be called New York) and
Delaware, fleeing from the persecutions of the Counter-Reformation and the
Inquisition.
1702:   Father Eusebio Francesco Chino, Catholic missionary and historian,
explores the California territory, building more than thirty churches and
baptizing more than 4,500 persons.
1736:   Onorio Razzolini is appointed Armourer and Keeper of the Stores of
Maryland; regarded as the first Italian to hold public office in America.
1753;   Philadelphia College (later the University of Pennsylvania), founded
by
Benjamin Franklin, offers courses in Italian.
1764:   Cesare Beccaria, Italian representative of the eighteenth-century
Enlightenment, publishes Of Crime and Punishment, affecting American
conceptions
of jurisprudence; John Adams quotes directly from the work in his defense of
the
British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre of 1770.
1773:   Filippo Mazzei arrives in Virginia and quickly establishes strong
ties
with Thomas Jefferson based on their political convictions concerning
individual
liberty and democracy. Mazzei's idea that "all men are by nature equally
free
and independent. This quality is essential to the formation of a liberal
government. ... A truly republican form of government cannot exist except
where
all men -- from the very rich to the very poor -- are perfectly equal in
rights"
was to have an important impact on American political ideals. Some scholars
believe that Jefferson's phrase "all men are created equal" in the
Declaration
of Independence was derived from Mazzei, who also influenced Benjamin
Franklin
and Thomas Paine. Mazzei also experimented with various types of plants,
fruits,
and vegetables in America. Other Italian revolutionaries include: Francesco
Vigo, the first Italian to become an American citizen; William Paca, a
signer
of
the Declaration of Independence; and fifty Italians who fought for the
Continental Army, along with two regiments of volunteers from Italy.
1783-1871:  From the founding of the American Republic to the unification of
Italy, approximately 25,000 Italians immigrate to the United States. Between
1830 and 1860, many of these are political refugees, forced into exile
because
of their participation in the Risorgimento (the movement for national
unification). Included in this group are Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe
Garibaldi
(see 1831, 1850, and 1861 below).
1790:   Pergolesi's La serva padrona is the first Italian opera performed in
the
United States.
1800:   Paolo Busti from Milan arrives to manage the Holland Land Company,
which
develops five million acres of land into villages, towns, and cities; later
he
is acknowledged as "the father of Buffalo, New York..
1805:   Thomas Jefferson asks 14 musicians from Italy to form the nucleus of
the
United States Marine Band.
1812:   Italian Americans fight in the War of 1812 against the British.
1825:   Lorenzo Da Ponte -- Catholic priest, linguist, musician, and
librettist
for Mozart -- becomes the first professor of Italian language and
literature,
at
Columbia College in New York City.
1831:   Revolution breaks out in central Italy; Giuseppe Mazzini forms the
Young
Italy Society to fight for unification and independence from Austria. When
the
revolution is put down, many flee to America.
1837:   John Phinizy (Finizzi) is the first Italian American to serve as
mayor of
an American city -- Augusta, Georgia.
1847:   The Astor Place Opera House, built especially for Italian opera,
opens in
New York City.
1849:   L'Eco d'Italia, the first Italian-language weekly in the United
States,
begins publication.
1850:   Giuseppe Garibaldi arrives in New York as a political refugee after
the
fall of the Roman Republic. He settles on Staten Island with Antonio Meucci,
said to be the true inventor of the telephone.
1851:   Santa Clara College is founded in California by Father Giovanni
Nobili, an
Italian Jesuit; other academics include: John Grassi, first president of
Georgetown University (1815); Charles Botta, who wrote the first history of
the
American Revolution (1819); Samuel Mazzichelli, educator and philologist;
Gaetano Lanza, who established the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MIT)
in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1861); Joseph Cataldo, founder of Gonzaga
University in Spokane Washington (1887); Giovanni Schiavo, writer; Leonard
Covello, educator; Peter Sammartino, founder and president of Fairleigh
Dickinson University in Rutherford, New Jersey.
1855:   Constantino Brumidi, "the Michelangelo of the United States
Capitol,"
begins work in Washington, D.C. For the next 25 years, Brumidi decorates
many
of
the most important buildings in the nation's capital.
1860:   Italy is unified as a nation-state under a constitutional monarchy.
Ironically, social and economic conditions begin to worsen for many of the
landless peasants in the south, especially after 1870, when protectionist
measures are passed to protect nascent industries in the north. A
devastating
pattern is set: the north becoming more prosperous, and the south becoming
more
destitute. These conditions would lead to the mass emigration between 1880
and
1920.
1861:   Giuseppe Garibaldi is offered a commission as major general in the
Union
Army by President Abraham Lincoln, but declines. A Garibaldi Brigade does
fight
for the Union in the Civil War. Five hundred Italian Americans fight for the
South in the European Brigade. Luigi Palma Di Cesnola serves in the Union
Army
during the American Civil War. Later, as an archeologist, he is appointed
the
first director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in new York City.
1870:   Italian immigrants in American cities: New York: 2,794; San
Francisco:
1,622; New Orleans: 1,571; Chicago: 552; Philadelphia: 516; Boston: 264.
1871-1880:  Approximately 56,000 Italians arrive in America.
1880:   The first Italian-language daily newspaper in the United States, Il
Progresso, is founded in New York City by Charles Barsotti, editor.
1880s:  Italian Americans develop the wine industry in Northern California.
Utilizing new methods of production and distribution, Italians revolutionize
the
wine-making process. The wine industry comes to be dominated by a handful of
Italian families: Rossi, Guasti, Petri, Cribari -- the most successful were
Ernest and Julio Gallo. In addition to wineries, Italians make the land of
California flourish with fruit and vegetable farmers, literally transforming
the
landscape.
1880-1920:  Millions of Italians arrive in America. Most of these are from
the
Mezzogiorno (literally, "land of the midday sun," southern Italy).
Overwhelmingly rural and agricultural, the Mezzogiorno continues to suffer
from
poverty, illiteracy, famine, and the economic policies of the country.
Social
and economic conditions, especially the land-tenure system, as well as a
particular configuration of class, status, and local power, act as catalysts
for
the Great Immigration to America. Nearly 30 percent are from Sicily, 28
percent
from the Naples area, and 13 percent from Calabria. Parliament orders
inquiries
into the causes of emigration; some see it as a safety valve to alleviate
conditions in the south and control the population. As emigration increases,
intellectuals and political leaders come to recognize these various problems
as
the "Southern Question."
1883:   The Metropolitan Opera House opens in New York City. Fifty musicians
from
the Teatro Venezia in Venice and fifteen others from the Teatro San Carlo in
Naples are in the orchestra.
1884-1887:  A cholera epidemic in Italy kills thousands and forces many to
immigrate to America.
1889:   Frances Xavier Cabrini arrives in New York City to assist Italian
immigrants; in 1892 she opens Columbia Hospital; later hospitals are founded
in
Chicago, Seattle, Colorado, and Southern California. In 1946 she is
canonized
the first American saint by Pope Pius XII.
1890:   The Dante Alighieri Society is established in Boston to promote
Italian
literature, language, and culture in the United States. Italian immigrants
in
American cities: New York: 39,951; San Francisco: 5,212; New Orleans: 3,622;
Philadelphia: 6,799; Chicago: 5,685; Boston: 4,718.
1890s:  The discovery of sulfur in Texas destroys the sulfur-mining industry
in
Sicily, forcing further emigration. In New York, only 1 percent of the
Italian
population is involved in agriculture, compared with 34 percent in
California
and 43 percent in Louisiana. Some 1.7 percent of the Italian population are
professionals in New York, compared with 1.4 percent in California and 0.6
percent in Louisiana. Ninety percent of the New York City Department of
Public
Works in composed of Italian American workers.
1891:   On 14 March in New Orleans, 11 Italian immigrants are killed by a
lynch
mob of more than 6,000 after a court finds them not guilty in the murder of
a
police superintendent. The mob is further incited when it is learned that
blacks
are allowed to patronize Italian shops and were politely addressed as
"Mister."
It is the worst mass lynching in American history. Italians are killed in
other
parts of America, but most of the murders (in the form of lynchings) occur
in
the South, where the Ku Klux Klan begins a campaign of terror against
Italians.
Academics and social scientists set out to "prove" that Italians are
violent,
corrupt, lazy, and untrustworthy by nature. Italian stereotypes stimulate
the
spread of American nativism.
1892:   On 1 January, Ellis Island, called L'isola delle lacrime (Island of
Tears)
by the Italians, opens and begins processing millions of immigrants.
1894:   Dr. Maria Montessori is the first woman in Italy to receive a
medical
degree; her theories on the education of children are influential in
America.
1899:   Guglielmo Marconi, "the father of the radio," arrives in America.
1900:   On 29 July, Gaetano Bresci, an anarchist from Paterson, New Jersey,
assassinates King Umberto I of Italy after the Italian government kills
hundreds
of workers gathered for peaceful demonstrations in Milan. From about 1880
until
World War I, anarchism is a popular political force in Italy. Many Italian
communities in America become centers for anarchist groups. Often
misunderstood,
most anarchists did not advocate the use of indiscriminate violence; yet in
the
American popular consciousness, the Italian immigrant came to be seen as a
dangerous political subversive -- bomb in one hand and dagger in the other.
1901:   In an effort to stem the flood of emigration, the Italian government
establishes requirements for those wishing to leave for America.
1903:   Enrico Caruso makes his American debut on November 23 at the
Metropolitan
Opera House in New York City.
1904:   Amadeo Giannini founds the Bank of Italy in California; later it
will
be
called the Bank of America.
1908:   On 16 November, Arturo Toscanini opens the 1908 season at the
Metropolitan
Opera House. Meanwhile, in the same city, 270 Italian families are charged
with
violation of the Compulsory Education Law (compared to 66 Russian, 56
German,
55
Irish, and 7 English families).
1909:   On 12 March, Joseph Petrosino, an NYPD (New York Police Department)
detective investigating organized crime, is shot and killed in Palermo,
Sicily.
1910:   A Chicago strike led by A.D. Marimpietri, Emilio Grandinetti, and
Giuseppe
Bertelli leads to the formation of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of
America.
Italian immigrants in American cities: New York: 340,765; San Francisco:
16,918;
New Orleans: 8,066; Chicago: 45,169; Philadelphia: 45,308; Boston: 31,308.
1911:   A fire on 25 March at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York
City
kills 145 women workers, 75 of whom are Italian American. The tragedy forces
the
country to pass legislation to improve working conditions.
1913:   Rudolph Valentino arrives in the United States, becoming a film star
in
Hollywood.
1914:   On the eve of World War I, nearly 25 percent of Italy's population
has
emigrated.
1915:   Il Caroccio, (1915-1935) a monthly bilingual cultural magazine
dealing
with the Italian immigrant experience, begins publication in New York City.
1917:   America enters World War I; 12 percent of the U.S. Army is composed
of
Italian immigrants or italian Americans. A literacy test becomes part of the
immigration law in an attempt to stem the flow of immigrants from southern
and
eastern Europe.
1919:   Roughly 20 percent of the population of California is Italian
American.
1920:   Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two anarchists, are arrested
in
Massachusetts for armed robbery and murder. With Attorney General A.
Mitchell
palmer fanning the first "Red Scare" in American history, a fair trial is
impossible. Both are found guilty. At the trial, Vanzetti declares before
the
court: "The taking of our lives -- that is our triumph." Along with the
trial
of
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in the 1950s, the Sacco and Vanzetti trial is one
of
the most disputed in American jurisprudence. There are approximately 200
Italian
newspapers being printed  in the United States. Previous annual figures:
1884:
7; 1890: 11; 1900: 35; 1910: 73; 1915: 96.
1923:   Gaetano Merola establishes the San Francisco Opera House.
1924:   Benito Mussolini, fascist dictator of Italy since 1922, orders the
creation of a Fascist League of North America. Mussolini and his fascist
regime
meet with the general approval of the American government, the American
people,
and the Italian Americans. A few Italians voice warnings that are ignored.
1926:   The Casa Italiana, a center for the study of Italian literature and
culture, is completed at Columbia University in New York City.
1927:   After seven years on Death Row, Sacco and Vanzetti are executed.
Their
tragedy is immortalized in Ben Shahn's painting. Fifty years later,
officials
of
the state of Massachusetts move to vindicate the two anarchists, declaring
23
August 1978 a memorial day for the two men.
1933:   Gaetano Salvemini, one of the most famous of Italian antifascist
exiles,
is appointed professor of history at harvard University. Italo Balbo,
minister
of aviation in fascist Italy and implicated in the death of the antifascist
priest Giovanni Minzoni, completes a flight from Italy to Chicago, crossing
the
Atlantic before a squadron of 24 planes. This is the fourth such Atlantic
crossing for Balbo and a great propaganda coup for Mussolini's regime.
Italian
Americans cheer as he passes over New York
    City and Chicago. Balbo enters the ranks of Charles Lindberg,, Amelia
Earhart,
and Antoine de St. Exupéry.
1935:   Italian Americans send wedding rings and other gold to Italy in
support of
the invasion of Ethiopia. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the Italian
American
community is divided over fascism: Some look with pride on the new
government
as
resurrecting the glory of ancient Rome and putting Italy on the world stage;
others see fascism as a repudiation of the Italian traditions of humanism
and
tolerance. Generoso Pope's influential newspaper Il Progresso supports
Mussolini
and fascism, leading the way for the general approval of the Italian
American
community. When World War II begins, though almost all Italian Americans
repudiate Mussolini.
1937:   Toscanini begins his association with the NBC Symphony Orchestra,
conducting until 1954.
1938:   Enrico Fermi wins the Nobel Prize in Physics. After the award
ceremony in
Stockholm, Sweden, Fermi and his wife (who was Jewish) refuse to return to
Italy
where the fascist regime has just passed anti-Semitic legislation. Instead,
they
move to New York City, where Fermi accepts a post at Columbia University.
Between 1941 and 1945, he is involved in work on the first atomic bomb. On 2
December 1940, he supervises the first nuclear chain reaction; President
Franklin D. Roosevelt is told: "The Italian navigator has just landed in the
New
World." Other distinguished Italian Americans in science and medicine
include:
Emilio Segre (Nobel Prize in physics for the discovery of the antiproton,
1959);
Salvatore Luria (Nobel Prize in medicine for pioneer work in molecular
biology,
1969); Renato Delbucco (Nobel Prize in medicine for work on DNA, 1975);
Franco
Modigliani (Nobel Prize in economics, 1985); and Rita Levi-Montalcini (Nobel
Prize in medicine, 1986).
1939:   Pietro di Donato publishes his first novel, Christ in Concrete,
written in
a stream-of-consciousness style that records the tragic reality of the
immigrant
experience.
1940:   Census reveals 4,574,780 Italians in America. The Mazzini Society is
formed in New York City by Italian antifascist exiles in the United States
led
by Count Carlo Sforza and Max Ascoli.
1941:   America enters World War II; 500,000 Italian Americans serve, with
more
than a dozen soldiers receiving the Congressional Medal of Honor. Joe
DiMaggio
of the New York Yankees hits in fifty-six straight games.
1942:   In February the American government forces thousands of Italian
Americans
living in California into internment camps. In separate circumstances, four
elderly men, declared enemy aliens, commit suicide. Ironically, some of
those
interned had sons fighting in the U.S. armed forces. The government
eventually
abandons the program when it becomes politically and economically
unfeasible.
On
Columbus Day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares that Italians in
America
are no longer to be classified as enemy aliens.
1943:   The anarchist Carlo Tresca is murdered in New York City.
1951:   The American Committee on Italian Migration is formed in New York
City to
develop a program to loosen restrictions on immigration. Eventually,
Congress
passes the Immigration and Nationality Amendments (1965), which provide for
the
gradual elimination of immigration restrictions.
1952:   Rocky Marciano wins the heavyweight boxing championship.
1960:   Eighty percent of Italian Americans born after 1960 are married to
non-Italians.
1965:   The Center for Migration Studies opens on Staten Island, New York,
to
study and document the immigrant experiences in America.
1969:   Mario Puzo publishes The Godfather.
1970:   On 29 June, thousands pour into Columbus Circle in New York City to
celebrate the first Italian American Unity Day and to protest against
negative
images of Italian Americans in popular culture; ironically, the organizer of
the
rally is Joseph Columbo, Sr., reputed mob boss and founder of the Italian
American Civil Rights League.
1972:   Francis Ford Coppola directs The Godfather, first of a trilogy,
reopening
national debate on the stereotyping of Italians as criminals. Puzo and
Coppola
defend their work as a depiction of the American Dream turned tragic
nightmare.
1972:   Architect Robert Venturi publishes Learning from Las Vegas, planting
the
seeds for the postmodernism of the 1980s. John P. Diggins publishes
Mussolini
and Fascism: The View from America, detailing how American officials,
citizens,
and Italian Americans perceived Mussolini's regime.
1973:   Martin Scorsese directs Mean Streets.
1974:   Average family income (in 1974 dollars) of Italian American
Catholics
$11,748, compared to $8,693 for Baptists, $10,345 for British Protestants,
$11,032 for Episcopalians, $12,426 for Irish Catholics, and $13,340 for
Jewish
families.
1978:   A. Bartlett Giamatti, scholar of Renaissance literature, becomes
president
of Yale University; he is later named commissioner of major league baseball.
1980:   The U.S. Census reveals that 23 million Americans are of Italian
descent.
The number of Italian American students in college doubles since 1945.
1982:   Mario Cuomo is elected governor of New York; his election, along
with
the
Democratic Party's nomination in 1984 of Geraldine Ferraro as vice president
(the first woman and the first Italian American on a national ticket),
represents the culmination of a century of political struggle; Democrat
Francis
Spinola (of New York) was the first Italian American congressman (1887);
Charles
Bonaparte was the first Italian American attorney general of the United
States
and founder of the FBI (1908); Fiorello LaGuardia was elected to United
States
House of Representatives (1916), then mayor of New York City (1933); Vito
Marcantonio of the American Labor Party served as congressman (1934-1948);
John
Pastore of Rhode Island was the first Italian American senator (1950); the
1950
mayoral race in New York City was contested by four Italians; Congressman
Peter
Rodino of New Jersey succeeded in making Columbus Day a national holiday
(1967);
Rodino, as chairman of the U.S. House Judiciary Committee, conducted
impeachment
proceedings against President Richard Nixon (1974); Judge John Sirica
presided
over the judicial inquiry (1974); Eleanor Curti Smeal was elected president
of
the National Organization for Women (1977); Antonin Scalia was named an
associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1986); Jim Florio was elected
governor of New Jersey (1989); Rudy Giuliani was elected mayor of New York
City
(1993).
1982:   Joseph Bernadin of Chicago is appointed the first Italian American
cardinal, by Pope John Paul II. Italian Americans are taking a more active
leadership role in the American Catholic Church, supplanting the dominant
position held by the Irish for more than a century.
1985:   The Dream Book: An Anthology of Writings by Italian-American Women
Writers, edited by Helen Barolini, is published; it is the first attempt to
establish a canon of Italian American women writers.
1986:   John Ciardi, poet, critic, and translator of Dante, dies.
1991:   The Casa Italiana at Columbia University is sold to the Italian
government
for $17.5 and is transformed into the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies.
1992:   Al Pacino wins the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of
a
blind man in Scent of a Woman, based on the Italian film, Profumo di Donna.
1993:   Frank Zappa, hailed by some as the most creative and adventurous
American
composer of his generation, dies. A study reveals that Italians are one of
the
largest groups of immigrants to enter New York; unlike the emigration of a
century ago, these immigrants are highly educated professionals. Like their
predecessors, they are unable to make a living in changing economic
circumstances.
1994:   Leon Edward Panetta is appointed White House chief of staff by
President
Bill Clinton. Panetta had formerly been director of the Office of Management
and
Budget and U.S. representative from California.
1995:   In a near sweep, three actors of Italian descent win Oscars: Nicolas
Cage
winning the Best Actor Award for his portrait of a hopeless alcoholic in
Leaving
Las Vegas; Susan Sarandon winning the Best Actress Award for her role as a
nun
in Dead Man Walking; and Mira Sorvino winning the Best Supporting Actress
for
her performance in the title role in Mighty Aphrodite.
1996:   Susan Molinari, the youngest member of Congress when she was elected
in
1990, delivers the keynote address at the 1996 Republican convention.
1997:   Don DeLillo publishes the novel Underworld, which is immediately
recognized as a masterpiece of contemporary American fiction.
1997:   Rudolph Giuliani is reelected mayor of New York City.
1997:   Ralph Fasanella, political activist, self-taught folk painter, and
chief
visual chronicler of the Italian American urban and political experience,
dies.
A tribute to his egalitarian vision is appropriately placed in the subway
station at Fifth Avenue and 53rd Street where his oil painting, Subway
Riders
(1950) has been on permanent view since 1996.
1997:   Charles O. Rossotti is confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the 45th
commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service. Mr. Rossotti, the founder and
chief executive of American Management Systems, a computer consulting
company,
was chosen to change the culture and modernize the technology of the much
criticized IRS. His selection is emblematic of the new presence of the
Italian
American executives in both the public and the private sector. The emergence
of
an Italian American managerial class is evidenced by the following
high-profile
figures: Richard A. Grasso, chairman and CEO (chief executive officer) of
the
New York Stock Exchange; Frank Mancuso, chairman and CEO of
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
(MGM); Tony Mottola, the president of Sony Music Entertainment; publisher
Lucio
A. Noto, chairman of the board and CEO of Random House; Len Reggio, chairman
and
CEO of Barnes and Noble, the world's largest bookseller; Paul Tagliabue,
president of the National Football League.
1997:   NORC (National Opinion Research Center ) at the University of
Chicago
reports that the average Italian American has at least one year of college
education and an average family income of $33,000. NORC also finds that
Italian
Americans are evenly split along the political spectrum: 35 consider
themselves
Republicans; 32 percent Democrats; and 33 percent Independent. Italian
Americans
tend to support liberal causes: 89 percent say they would vote for a woman
president; 55 percent are pro-choice; over 60 percent feel that the
government
should spend more money on education, health-care, and the poor.
1997-1998:  The works of A.G. Rizzoli (1896-1981) "Architect of Magnificent
Visions" and son of immigrants, begins a two-year tour of the United States.
1998:   Maestra Joann Falletta, hailed by the New York Times as ". . . one
of
the
finest conductors of her generation," is appointed Music Director of the
Buffalo
Philharmonic Orchestra, making her one of two American women conductors
currently at the helm of major symphony orchestras.

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